Business Essay

Comfort Internet advertising empowers you to be just getting started nonstop without stressing over store opening times or extra time installments for staff. Offering your items on the Internet is additionally advantageous for clients. They can peruse your online store whenever and place orders when it is helpful for them. Reach By advertising on the Internet, you can beat obstructions of separation. You can sell merchandise in any piece of the nation without setting up nearby outlets, augmenting your objective market. You can likewise assemble a fare business without opening a system of wholesalers in various nations. In any case, on the off chance that you need to sell universally, you should utilize restriction administrations to guarantee that your items are reasonable for nearby markets and agree to neighborhood business guidelines. Restriction administrations incorporate interpretation and item change to reflect neighborhood advertise contrasts. Cost Marketing items on the Internet costs not as much as advertising them through a physical retail outlet. You don't have the repetitive expenses of property rental and upkeep. You don't need to buy stock for show in a store. You can arrange stock in accordance with request, keeping your stock costs low. Personalization Internet advertising empowers you to customize offers to clients by building a profile of their buying history and inclinations. By following the site pages and item data that possibilities visit, you can make focused on offers that mirror their inclinations. The data accessible from following site visits likewise gives information to arranging strategically pitching efforts with the goal that you can expand the estimation of deals by client. Connections The Internet gives a significant stage to building associations with clients and expanding client maintenance levels. At the point when a client has bought an item from your online store, you can start the relationship by sending a subsequent email to affirm the exchange and thank the client. Messaging clients consistently with unique, customized offers assists with keeping up the relationship. You can likewise welcome clients to submit item surveys on your site, assisting with building a feeling of network. Social Internet promoting empowers you to exploit the developing significance of web-based social networking. An article on the Harvard Business School Executive Education site featured the connection between long range interpersonal communication and online income development. As per the article, a gathering of buyers that reacted most unequivocally to the impact of informal organizations created expanded deals of around 5 percent. You can exploit this kind of impact by fusing person to person communication devices in your Internet promoting efforts.

The Roaring Twenties The Age of Degeneration Essay Example Essay Example

The Roaring Twenties: The Age of Degeneration Essay Example Paper The Roaring Twenties: The Age of Degeneration Essay Introduction The Roaring Twenties: The Age of Degeneration Moral qualities, the norms of good and fiendishness, are the establishment of a general public, permitting an individual to esteem respectability and settle on the correct decisions. Be that as it may, during the Roaring Twenties in the United States, as we enter another time of social and financial dynamism, the qualities are being toppled by the new desire for cash, power, and generally significant of all, delight. The Great Gatsby Juxtaposes the new cash unrestrained life and the old funds disintegrating refined qualities. F. Scott Fitzgerald uncovered this sensational marvel in his novel, where he creates a trikingly practical composition of the general public in the Roaring Twenties, where realism flourishes and prompts the loss of good measures. Jay Gatsbys world rotates around a solitary dream that he holds as the help in his story. It is a fantasy of riches and gentry. After his experience in extravagance with Dan Cody, who turns into his dad fgure, Gatsby discovers his fantasy encapsulated by Daisy Fay, on the grounds that â€Å"Her voice is loaded with money’ (Fitzgerald 120). She speaks to riches and class. She has an extremely happy lead and charming conduct. She is â€Å"the brilliant girl† (Fitzgerald 120), conceived in an ealthy, privileged society, and wedded to a rich man. Nonetheless, we likewise observe that her glossy picture is just a fapde to cover her degeneration. We first catch a brief look at her actual character when she chooses to trust to Nick that â€Å"the best thing a young lady can be in this world, an excellent little fool† (Fitzgerald 17). The Roaring Twenties: The Age of Degeneration Essay Body Paragraphs She completely grasps the new idea of ladies in the Roaring Twenties and is prepared to surrender her confidence to monitor her sumptuous way of life. Daisy additionally shows the absence of maternal love. Despite the fact that she is a mother, she is so engaged in her relationships and sumptuous life that she never deals with her little girl. She just dresses Pammy up for exceptional events, as though her girl is Just another belonging so as to advance her picture. In Gatsbys vision, Daisy is represented by the green light on her dock. It holds a â€Å"colossal significance† (Fitzgerald, 93) on the grounds that it is the shade of cash and jealousy. Daisy is the ideal guide to show the predominant ascent of realism in the Roaring Twenties. Another lady, who is apparently the ideal inverse of Daisy Fay, is likewise a model lady of the Roaring Twenties. Myrtle Wilson has a place with the common laborers however wishes to endeavor in the social stepping stool and get the excessiv e way of life of the icher classes. She is prepared to engage in extramarital relations with a man who needs her just as a device to mitigate his pressure. She is his break to another life, where he can completely communicate his most detestable sides. In any case, at long last, it is this identical dream, which from the start may appears to be a break to her, that murders Myrtle in the most savage way. Rather than striving to pick up her position, she lets her materialistic needs bring the disintegration of her profound quality. Amusingly, Myrtle is executed by an extravagance vehicle, which represents riches and autonomy. This desire for cash, normal for the Roaring Twenties, has pulverized her. The ascent of realism is represented most emphatically through the eyes of T. J. Eckleberg. The promotion indication of T. J. Eckleberg is sltuatea In tne valley 0T Asnes, a spot tnat Iles Detween New York ana tne west Egg. It is the place all the loss from New York and the Eggs are put aw ay, causing heaps of remains gulping everything. We can think about it as a behind the stage for the sumptuous life in New York and the Eggs, where all disagreeableness delivered by the upper class’s marvelous lives is put away and covered up. George Wilson, Myrtle’s spouse, lives and works there. After his wife’s awful demise, he focuses at the notice indication of T. J. Eckleberg and cases that â€Å"God sees everything† (Fitzgerald 160) The way that T. J. Eckleberg is considered by George as a God shows the confusion of the Twenties’ society. Holed up behind the flickering lights of the urban communities, the Valley of Ashes speaks to the rotting ethical quality of the general public. The idea of God is lost, and the individuals are urgently searching for a profound direction in their life. Yet, just an ad board speaks to this direction. This reality shows that realism has vanquished profound qualities and has now become the societys strict conv iction. Fitzgerald utilizes this striking picture to pass on the intensity of realism over the general public. We can watch the crumbling self-control through pretty much every character in this novel. This depravity of character shows the degree of defilement all through the general public. Jordan Baker, who is Nick Carraways sentimental intrigue, is an ideal model. Despite the fact that she is the narrator’s darling, the portrayal of her lead makes it outlandish for the perusers to feel for Nick. She is a thoughtless individual. She is a â€Å"rotten driver† (Fitzgerald, 58) yet she despite everything drives quickly in light of the fact that â€Å"it takes two to make an accident† (Fitzgerald, 58). Jordan’s contentions demonstrate that she is a haughty, flippant lady who accepts that she ought to never assume the fault. Besides, Nick takes note of that she is â€Å"incurably dishonest† (Fitzgerald 58) in light of the fact that she cheated during sport rivalries. She additionally decides to lie since it was simpler to be deceptive so as to â€Å"satisfy the requests of her hard, Jaunty body’ (Fitzgerald 58). Jordan Baker consistently decides to comply with her physical needs to the detriment of her temperances. This remissness isn't selective to Jordan, yet is a mutual characteristic between pretty much every character in this novel, similar to Tom Buchanan for instance. He is wolf in sheep's clothing ho utilizes Myrtle as an approach to fulfill his physical needs. He possesses a loft in New York where he holds his issue. We can see through his visit in his adoration home that the individuals in New York witness unfaithfulness with lack of concern, as though it has become a constant thing. At Myrtle and Tom’s party, we can completely witness these people’s remissness. The visitors drink too much and the hosts â€Å"disappeared† (Fitzgerald 29) to have intercourse disregarding their guests’ nearness. Myrtle likewise goes through cash indiscreetly, purchasing an excess of furniture for the loft. She likewise purchases a canine precipitously however deserts it to kick the bucket. The gathering at Tom and Myrtle’s love home uncovered the impropriety of the city. As a storyteller in this novel, Nick Carraway shares with his perusers that he is appalled by the remissness of Jordan, Daisy, Tom and the entire society when all is said in done. Be that as it may, he can see one individual who he can in any case regard. That individual is Gatsby. After Gatsbys passing, Nick leaves the East in light of the â€Å"foul dust [that] glided in the wake of [Gatsbys] dreams [has] incidentally finished off [his] enthusiasm for the unsuccessful distresses and short-winded raptures of men† (Fitzgerald 2). Despite the fact that Gatsby has a dim past, he is on a very basic level a decent individual. We can see through his youth scratch pad that he considers being â€Å"better to parents† (Fitzgerald 173) a significant quality that he needs to recall. HIS just Dao aeclslon Is to commit nls entlre IITe to Daisy. He nas transformed ner Into nls supreme dream. So as to accomplish this fantasy, he needs to append his life to â€Å"the foul dust,† which is the lawbreaker and excessive life that Gatsby leads so as to be deserving of Daisy. He even forfeits his own life to shield Daisy from her wrongdoing. Gatsby is worth â€Å"the entire damn bundle put of together† (Fitzgerald 154) in light of the fact that Daisy, Tom and Jordan, despite the fact that not related to composed wrongdoings, are even metal indecent than he. Scratches colleague with Gatsby disentangles the degeneration of his general public, defiled by the endless looking for of â€Å"elations† through riches, liquor and sex. Scratch is â€Å"one of the couple of genuine people† (Fitzgerald, 59) in this novel. Despite the fact that, he lies once in a while, his un truths are said in well meaning goals. For instance, when Henry C. Gatz shows up at Gatsbys chateau after hearing the updates on his son’s passing, Nick expresses that they are â€Å"close friends† (Fitzgerald 168). As an individual who consistently attempts to esteem moral measures, I comprehend Nicks sentiments when he gives this ie. I don't accept that this untrustworthiness puts him on a similar level as Jordan Baker or other deceptive character, since his falsehood isn’t said to secure himself, however to shield another from superfluous torment. I likewise have been placed into conditions where coming clean would be excessively discourteous or frightful to the next individual, so I additionally lied, much the same as Nick. I accept that occasionally, saying reality would be an inappropriate activity, given the conditions. For instance, my cousin had a hamster that she truly adored. At some point, she was taken a crack at a renowned arithmetic rivalry, and h e needed to venture out to another nation to partake in it. I went to her home after she left, to salute her folks, just to discover that her hamster had kicked the bucket while she was away. From that point on, at whatever point she called home and got some information about her hamster’s wellbeing, I constantly consoled her by saying that he was fine. This falsehood permitted her to focus on her tests and in the end get great outcomes. Despite the fact that I lied, it was in sincere goal since I realized that reality would be a lot of torment for her to deal with. This experience permits me to comprehend Nicks expectation and sentiments. F. Scott. Fitzgerald, through this novel, condemns the realism of the Roaring Twenties’ society, as we enter the period of change between antiquated, moderate guidelines and current, freethinking goals. We can hear Fitzgerald’s voice through Nick Ca

How You Can Prepare to Quit Smoking

How You Can Prepare to Quit Smoking Addiction Nicotine Use How to Quit Smoking Print How You Can Prepare to Quit Smoking By Terry Martin facebook twitter Terry Martin quit smoking after 26 years and is now an advocate for those seeking freedom from nicotine addiction. Learn about our editorial policy Terry Martin Updated on September 25, 2018 Synergee / E+ / Getty Images More in Addiction Nicotine Use How to Quit Smoking After You Quit Nicotine Withdrawal Smoking-Related Diseases The Inside of Cigarettes Alcohol Use Addictive Behaviors Drug Use Coping and Recovery A little preparation goes a long way when it comes to smoking cessation. It puts you in the drivers seat when you quit smoking and will help you get your mind geared up for the big day. Its a good idea to plan your quit date no more than a week or two ahead of time. Any more than that, and youre likely to lose momentum. An Educated Quit Is a Successful Quit Read everything you can get your hands on about nicotine addiction and what to expect as you heal from it. Also, make use of our  busy support community as well, where folks at all stages of recovery are sharing their experiences.   From what to expect when you quit smoking, to what smoking does to our health, education is a vital part of a successful quit program. It forces us to take the blinders off.  Most smokers navigate around the details of smoking-related  dangers whenever possible. Its called smokers denial, and the sooner you start looking at this addiction straight on, the quicker youll be on the road to recovery. Start a Quit Journal A  journal is a terrific  quit aid. Start it with  your list of reasons to quit smoking. Follow it  with two more lists: Rewards â€"  small rewards for making it through the day smoke-free are a good way to reinforce what you are working hard to do ... and they help offset the instant gratification we all received multiple times each day from lighting up. Simple things like a long, hot bath or having someone else do the cooking can be on this list.  Try to make them fun and relaxing/rejuvenating.Craving Busters â€" create a list of activities you can do at a moments notice when the urge to smoke surfaces.  The idea is to quickly jolt yourself out of the negative thought pattern that comes with cravings by changing your activity.  Five minutes is enough to shake a craving loose and a list of activities helps you take control fast. From there, use  your  journal to log your daily progress. Make an effort to jot down a couple of sentences about your day before you go to bed each  night.   Weeks down the road, you may have a bad day when smoking seems to be all you can think about.     Looking back in a journal at your first days will give you perspective on your progress and make it easier to not let that bad day get you down. Get a Check-Up Make an appointment with your doctor  for a physical and let him/her know that youre going to quit smoking. Its a great time to discuss quit  aids  and get advice on what product might  be best suited for you. Ask your doctor whether you might benefit from a vitamin supplement. Smoking depletes nutrients from our bodies.  A multi-vitamin can give you a head start on rebuilding your health and vitality. These simple steps will get you thinking in practical terms about quitting, as well as lining up some tools to help you manage the first days of smoking cessation more easily.

About the Balfour Declaration of 1917

The Balfour Declaration was a November 2, 1917 letter from British Foreign Secretary Arthur James Balfour to Lord Rothschild that made public the British support of a Jewish homeland in Palestine. The Balfour Declaration led the League of Nations to entrust the United Kingdom with the Palestine Mandate in 1922. Background The Balfour Declaration was a product of years of careful negotiation. After centuries of living in a diaspora, the 1894 Dreyfus Affair in France shocked Jews into realizing they would not be safe from arbitrary antisemitism unless they had their own country. In response, Jews created the new concept of political Zionism in which it was believed that through active political maneuvering, a Jewish homeland could be created. Zionism was becoming a popular concept by the time World War I began. World War I and Chaim Weizmann During World War I, Great Britain needed help. Since Germany (Britains enemy during WWI) had cornered the production of acetone—an important ingredient for arms production—Great Britain may have lost the war if Chaim Weizmann had not invented a fermentation process that allowed the British to manufacture their own liquid acetone. It was this fermentation process that brought Weizmann to the attention of David Lloyd George (Minister of Ammunitions) and Arthur James Balfour (previously the Prime Minister but at this time the First Lord of the Admiralty). Chaim Weizmann was not just a scientist; he was also the leader of the Zionist Movement. Diplomacy Weizmanns contact with Lloyd George and Balfour continued, even after Lloyd George became prime minister and Balfour was transferred to the Foreign Office in 1916. Additional Zionist leaders such as Nahum Sokolow also pressured Great Britain to support a Jewish homeland in Palestine. Although Balfour, himself, was in favor of a Jewish state, Great Britain particularly favored the declaration as an act of policy. Britain wanted the United States to join World War I and the British hoped that by supporting a Jewish homeland in Palestine, the world Jewish community would be able to sway the U.S. to join the war. Announcing the Balfour Declaration Though the Balfour Declaration went through several drafts, the final version was issued on November 2, 1917, in a letter from Balfour to Lord Rothschild, president of the British Zionist Federation. The main body of the letter quoted the decision of the October 31, 1917, British Cabinet meeting. This declaration was accepted by the League of Nations on July 24, 1922, and embodied in the mandate that gave Great Britain temporary administrative control of Palestine. The White Paper In 1939, Great Britain reneged on the Balfour Declaration by issuing the White Paper, which stated that creating a Jewish state was no longer a British policy. It was also Great Britains change in policy toward Palestine, especially the White Paper, that prevented millions of European Jews to escape from Nazi-occupied Europe to Palestine before and during the Holocaust. The Balfour Declaration Foreign OfficeNovember 2nd, 1917Dear Lord Rothschild,I have much pleasure in conveying to you, on behalf of His Majestys Government, the following declaration of sympathy with Jewish Zionist aspirations which has been submitted to, and approved by, the Cabinet.His Majestys Government view with favour the establishment in Palestine of a national home for the Jewish people, and will use their best endeavours to facilitate the achievement of this object, it being clearly understood that nothing shall be done which may prejudice the civil and religious rights of existing non-Jewish communities in Palestine, or the rights and political status enjoyed by Jews in any other country.I should be grateful if you would bring this declaration to the knowledge of the Zionist Federation.Yours sincerely,Arthur James Balfour

Forces that Affect Leadership Styles Essays - 1214 Words

Forces that Affect Leadership Styles A good leader uses all three styles, depending on what forces are involved between the followers, the leaders, and the situation. Some examples include:  · Using an authoritarian style on a new employee who is just learning the job. The leader is competent and a good coach. The employee is motivated to learn a new skill. The situation is a new environment for the employee.  · Using a participative style with a team of workers who know their job. The leader knows the problem well, but he wants to create a team where the employees take ownership of the project. The employees know their jobs and wan to become part of the team. The situation allows time.  · Using a delegative style with a†¦show more content†¦Negative: If the emphasis is placed upon penalties, then the leader is using negative leadership. Although it has its place in a leader’s repertoire of tools, it should be used carefully due to its high cost on the human spirit. Negative leaders act domineering and superior with people. They believe the only way to get things done is through penalties, such loss of job, days off without pay, and reprimand in front of others. They believe their authority is increased by freighting everyone into higher levels of productivity. Leaders are not strictly one or another, but are somewhere on a continuum ranging from extremely positive to extremely negative. Leaders who continuously work out of the negative are bosses while those who primarily work out of the positive are real leaders. Leader Use of Consideration and Structure Two other styles that leaders use are:  · Consideration (employee orientation) – Leaders are concerned about the human needs or their employees. They build teamwork, help employees with their problems, and provide psychological support.  · Structure (task orientation) – Leaders believe that they get results by consistently keeping people busy and urging them to produce. There is evidence that leaders who are considerate in their leadership style are higher performers and are more satisfied with their jobs. Consideration and structure are independent of each other so they should not be viewed on oppositeShow MoreRelatedContingency Theorists Robert Tannenbaum And Warren Schmidt772 Words   |  4 PagesIn 1958, contingency theorists Robert Tannenbaum and Warren Schmidt identified a continuum of seven distinct leadership styles, which they published in the Harvard Business Review. They updated their model in 1973, which would be the foundation of Tannenbaum-Schmidt Leadership Continuum Theory. The Tannenbaum-Schmidt Leadership Continuum Theory is a simple model of leadership theory which shows the relationship between the level of freedom that a manager chooses to give to a team, and the levelRead MoreLeadership Theories And Leadership Style920 Words   |  4 PagesLeadership theories and Leadership Style In workplace condition, there are numerous dynamics which may affects a manager’s leadership style. The most significant features which will affect the choice of leadership styles or leadership behavior in a workplace condition need to identify. The most important factor which affects the manager’s leadership style is ‘Task’. The task is the real purpose of the team as well as the goals of the team. 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Four (4) sales representative would be needed in changed work force of the enterprise. These sales representative will support in product marketing and selling. In the changed work force Two (2) customer care executives would be needed by the company. These customer care executives will support in solving problems of consumers. This consumer care enforcement will support in

The Prime Instigator of Conflict Is Fear Free Essays

When we people feel frightened, it is often that the fright itself is the point when conflict is build. It is not wrong if we say that conflict is not only triggered by fear. There are many things that could cause a conflict, but when you think a bit further, these things are caused none other but by fear. We will write a custom essay sample on The Prime Instigator of Conflict Is Fear or any similar topic only for you Order Now Hatred of one person to the other is generally caused by fear that also brings up anger and envy. Fears of the uncertain future and death also provoke conflict. When people is scared of what others might do to them, they will make the first move and strike without realizing or trying to understand them first which caused a misunderstanding that will again root to conflict. A Moslem, sometimes has a false interpretation when trying to understand their religion. They were trying to fulfill their belief needs, and yet their fear of the American society leads them to terrorize U. S and so started the war between them. The same thing could be applied to the protest against the authority. In ‘The Crucible’, Abigail Williams is the one who initiate conflict in Salem, which results in the death of many innocent people who are falsely accused of witchcraft. Abigail started her lies due to save her name in the village that already blackened, and as the story goes on, to save her life as well. With the arrival of Reverend Hale, the simple matter of ‘dancing in the wood’ could no longer be put behind. Abigail has no other choice but to keep lying, a lie that was once only to save her life is now threatening the whole village and people who are initially not involved in it. She does not hesitate on telling lies, and her true motive is now colored with her fear of losing her former lover. This fear is far greater than her conscience, and eventually devours it. Reverend Paris as a minister has a fright on his own that makes him not doing his job rightfully as the enforcement of justice. For the sake of his name, his family and his occupation, he turned his back on people who need justice. The fear of losing greatly consumes his mind that he willing to sacrifice other people rather than losing his pride, similar to what Abigail does. Judge Danforth is also one who is consumed by fear and would not let go of it. He has seen it that Abigail was a fraud, but he could not admit his wrong doing by hanging those innocent people, instead he declares that John Proctor, Rebecca Nurse and Martha Corey need to be hanged by the next day to save his name. He is terrified of what people might think and do if they knew the truth that there is no witchcraft. These personal conflict which actually happened in their own mind, become a significant global conflict that involved a lot of people when a person with authority possessed it and take action to save themselves. War and terrorism that happened between Iraq and USA is none other created by one simple thing, fear. The reason that based these extremists on 9/11 tragedy is actually the same reason that is used when US had their attack on Iraq. We first thought that it is only natural that US would come with an attack of revenge, but US knew that Iraq is not the place where the bombing on 9/11 came from. Why do people attack one another? What causes human to kill? The answer is always clear, fear. We would not kill, attack, shoot and blow up other people if we weren’t afraid of them. It is true that conflict is generated from fears. This fear devours all conscience and common sense of human that brings out the inner conflict in ourselves. Nonetheless, conflict is our everyday meal for us human. Without conflict, not to mention fear, there will be no development or revolution in human life. But, it is always good to keep our fear and sense in control not letting fear taking charge in our mind. Democracy which arose from conflict, is also originated from the fear of the false-authority or tyranny. This shows that a controlled fear could brings up social justice and goodness in people. How to cite The Prime Instigator of Conflict Is Fear, Papers

NATO From Creation to Current Status

Abstract The paper discusses NATO which is a major military alliance among European States, the US and Canada. It highlights the historical context, which led to the formation of NATO. The history of the alliance is broken down into three major phases: the Cold War era, the Post Cold War, and the Post 9/11.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on NATO: From Creation to Current Status specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The paper reviews how NATO reinvented itself following the collapse of the Soviet Union and embarked on a successful enlargement process. The various issues that have faced the organization since its creation are discussed and its future estimated. The paper concludes by noting that NATO is a relevant security apparatus today and still serves as the best instrument for combating the security threats of the 21st century. Introduction The North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) is rightfully regarded as the w orld’s most powerful military alliance. The organization was founded in 1949 with the primary objective of protecting Western Europe and the US from Soviet aggression. The alliance was able to successfully achieve this goal and additionally ensure that no military rivalries emerge in the region. Following the end of the Cold War, the Soviet threat was neutralized and the alliance had to reinvent itself in order to remain relevant. It did this by expanding its role and increasing its membership. This paper will set out to provide a detailed research of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization with focus given to the creation and purpose of this alliance. A review of how the organization has expanded over the years and the role it has played will be provided to demonstrate that NATO is still a valid security apparatus in world today. Origins of NATO A significant outcome of the World War II was the emergence of the United States of America and the Soviet Union as the two world su per powers. While these countries had fought as allies in the war, their political differences pitted them against each other in the postwar years. There was concern that the Soviet Union would make use of her considerable power to influence politics in Europe (Trachtenberg, 1999). The weakened postwar Europe would not be able to resist this Soviet threat. The US proposed to help bolster West Europe’s military capability by the formation of an alliance. NATO, therefore, began as a mutual defense pact among ten Western European countries, the US and Canada.Advertising Looking for essay on history? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More These twelve countries signed the Washington Treaty on April 4, 1949 in which they committed themselves to a mutual defense pact (Cornish, 2004). The treaty bound the member states and an attack on any member was to evoke a response from all members. NATO’s history can be divided into thre e distinct phases: the Cold War period, the decade following the end of the Cold War, and the current phase, which began with the terrorist attacks on the US on September 11, 2011. Cold War Era At the time of NATO’s formation, the Western Europe was a divided region still struggling to recover from the devastating effects of the just ended the World War II. While a Western European defense organization would have been preferred, the participation of the US was seen as crucial since it was the only country with enough military might to counter the USSR. Trachtenberg (1999) observes that this alliance was a long-term American commitment to Western Europe’s security. Over time, this treaty turned into an organization with a political council and regular meetings being held by the allied foreign and defense ministers. This transformation into a full-fledged organization increased the influence and strength of the Treaty. In its early years of existence, NATO’s role was primarily to prevent an attack against the territory of its member countries by the formidable Soviet Union and her allies. Seroka (2007) best articulates this point by documenting that the North Atlantic Treaty Organization was originally designed to deal with a primary threat from international communism on the European continent. West Germany joined NATO in 1955 and this strengthened the capability of the alliance in Europe since Germany had the manpower necessary to resist a conventional invasion by Soviet forces. This move precipitated the formation of the Warsaw Pact by the Soviet Union and her East European allies. The alliance’s nuclear capability provided by the United States, which served as deterrence, was the main tool used to prevent an attack from the Soviet Union. However, NATO also adopted a strategy of flexible response and envisaged the use of conventional warfare before engaging in a nuclear confrontation. Even so, Minuto-Rizzo (2007) reiterates that nu clear weapons were at the core of the alliance’s strategy and nuclear deterrence was the principle means of preventing a Soviet led attack on any of the member states. Since both sides (East and West Europe) knew the cost of a nuclear confrontation, the use of force to advance political aims was effectively excluded in the Cold War Europe.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on NATO: From Creation to Current Status specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The Post – Cold War Period The end of the Cold War in 1989 was significant for NATO. Many political analysts forecasted that the alliance could be disbanded safely since the main aggressor in Europe had dissipated. In addition to this, the dissolution of the Warsaw Pact, which had been an alliance of East European nations formed to counter NATO, had already occurred. However, this did not happen since NATO member states did not want to get rid of the alliance be cause of the numerous advantages they were enjoying because of their cooperation. Minuto-Rizzo (2007) observes that the transatlantic framework that â€Å"allowed all countries -big and small- to make their voices heard, to seek common solutions, and to train their forces together was too precious an asset to be squandered† (p.3). Many member countries of the former Warsaw Pact also expressed interest in joining NATO in order to enjoy the advantages of the permanent transatlantic framework for consultation and cooperation. NATO, therefore, had to reorient itself to embrace the newly emerging democracies in Central and Eastern Europe. NATO was able to develop new strategic concepts to incorporate new members and reorganize its military structures following the disappearance of the existential threat provided by the Soviet Union (Noetzel Schreer, 2009). It adopted a policy of partnership and opened its doors for new members from Central and Eastern Europe. The alliance also be gan to engage Russia: a move that was seen as integral to realizing the goals of an undivided Europe. The creation of the Permanent Joint Council (PJC) in 1997 is the most visible indication of an attempt to formalize the relationship between NATO and Russia. Labarre (2001) affirms that the PJC gave Russia a voice in NATO for the first time in history. The post Cold War era also saw NATO for the first time in its history engaging in military action outside the territory of its member countries. This engagement came about because of the conflicts in the Balkans. NATO provided military support at the request of the United Nations and helped to pacify the Balkans. The alliance engaged in the deployment of peacekeeping forces in the region to sustain peace. Post 9/11 Era The third major phase in NATO’s existence came about following the September 11 terrorist attacks. On September12, 2001, NATO invoked Article 5 of the Washington Treaty, which instructs that, â€Å"An attack aga inst one is an attack against all†. Minuto-Rizzo (2007) observes that 9/11 made it clear to NATO allies that their major threats no longer emanated from Europe, as had been the case during the Cold War. The new threats came from outside the continent in the form of international terrorism, failing states, and the threat of weapons of mass destruction.Advertising Looking for essay on history? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The realities of 9/11 demonstrated to NATO the weakness of the traditional geographical approach to security that had been utilized for decades. This security approach had been effective when the potential threat emanated from the Soviet Union. International terrorism could not be countered using the same strategy and NATO had to be prepared to engage enemy forces at their source. NATO Transformation Originally, a regional security pact designed to protect Western Europe from a Soviet threat, the North Atlantic Treaty Organization has reinvented and transformed itself into an international security force with missions to â€Å"combat international terrorism, prevent weapons proliferations, and provide for Europe’s security† (Seroka, p.25). The last decade has seen a significant enhancement of NATO’s military capabilities. The NATO Heads of State and Government summit in Prague, 2002, articulated the need for radical changes in the alliance’s military comm and structure. This military transformation begun with the establishment of one strategic command based in Europe to oversee all aspects of NATO’s operations. Another strategic command base was established in the US to advance the military aspects of transformation. While NATO no longer faces the threat that led to its formation (the Soviet Union) it has continued to grow in the years following the collapse of the USSR. International terrorism has been the most significant issue addressed by NATO. Despite the fact that international terrorism does not present a strategic threat to NATO countries, it presents a real danger to security in the event that such elements could gain access to weapons of mass destruction. A significant change in NATO’s strategic doctrine following the end of the Cold War has been a loss of influence by the United States. American dominance within NATO has been a reality since the beginning of the alliance. Noetzel and Schreer (2009) observe th at the US set the terms of NATO’s formation and the country continued to play a leading role in its institutional development. This has changed and member states of the alliance today are more vocal about their opposition to the US policies. This is evident from the stance taken by Germany and France concerning the war in Iraq. NATO’s role has also expanded to include global interventionism. Wolff (2009) states that this radical change means that the alliance can be called upon to use its resources to maintain peace treaties or engage in combat to overthrow a government or hunt down terrorists. NATO Enlargement NATO has also pursued an aggressive policy of expansion over the last two decades. Enlargement serves the double purpose of strengthening European ties while at the same time broadening NATO’s influence in the world. Enlargement of NATO is made possible by Article 10 of the Washington Treaty which allows for the admission of new members. According to Arti cle 10, â€Å"any decision to invite a country to join the Alliance is taken by the North Atlantic Council, NATO’s principal decision-making body, on the basis of consensus among all Allies† (NATO, 2012). NATO membership has increased to 28 countries mostly because of the open door policy to European countries. Bosnia and Herzegovina are engaged in the Membership Action Plan, which is a precursor to attaining full membership, and can be expected to join the organization in the near future. NATO’s expansion process has been very successful and it has achieved remarkable outcomes. Seroka (2007) suggests that the expansion has not jeopardized relations with Russia, nor led to the remilitarization of the continent or increased tensions between member states on the European continent. On the contrary, NATO’s enlargement has led to modernization, standardization and increased the democratic control within the individual armed forces of its member states. The la rge-scale enlargement efforts of post Cold War NATO have turned the organization into an inclusive European-wide organization committed to democracy and positioned to eliminate, almost entirely, the possibility of inter-state conflict within Europe. However, Russia has reacted angrily to NATO’s post Cold War expansions that have been viewed as deliberate actions to increase the Western sphere of influence at Moscow’s expense (Goldgeier, 2009). Noetzel and Schreer (2009) note that â€Å"article 10 of the North Atlantic Treaty, which limits new members to European territory places an important limitation on NATO’s expansion† (p.217). Because of this statute, the organization has been unable to accommodate willing partners from other continents. Seroka (2007) reveals that some of the allies led by the US hope to amend this in order to include members from all over the world and therefore guarantee NATO world-wide influence. These advocates see alliance with non-European democracies as crucial in a globalizing world. However, most members are concerned that such an expansion might dilute the alliance’s transatlantic character. NATO Issues Despite its significant successes, NATO has had some issues in the course of its existence. In its early years, the most serious crisis for NATO came in the form of Frances threat to withdraw from the Alliance. In March 1966, French President Charles de Gaulle announced that French forces would be withdrawn from the integrated military command of the NATO (Trachtenberg, 1999). This withdrawal was in retaliation to what was seen by Paris as an ever-growing dominance by the US within the organization (Noetzel Schreer, 2009). However, the ever-present threat of a Soviet attack prompted NATO members to resolve their conflicts and continue working together for a common defense. The internal cohesion of NATO has also been affected by the establishment of another security player in Europe. The Europea n Defense and Security Policy (EDSP), which was created in 1999, undermined and threatened the future cohesion of NATO. While the ESDP was supposed to be complementary to NATO’s capabilities, its objectives which are to provide military assistance to the EU states have undermined the importance of the Atlantic alliance. In response to the attractiveness of the ESDP, this body was incorporated into the larger framework of the European Union’s Common Foreign and Security Policy (CFSP). Some observers see the ESDP as a move by European nations to create a competing security apparatus and therefore re-nationalize their security by diminishing the US role in European security and defense affairs (Noetzel Schreer, 2009). The reactions by NATO following 9/11 were also divisive to its political cohesion. Following 9/11, the US pursued a more assertive stance on how NATO should be utilized to counter the new threats. To begin with, the US declared war on terrorism; a call that was supported by her NATO allies. While all the allies offered to support the US in its fight against international terrorism, the US administration chose not to give NATO a large role in the combat operation against the Taliban. Most European allies saw this as an indication that the US did not perceive the alliance to be of primary value in its efforts to shape the changing global security order (Noetzel Schreer, 2009). Another cause of contention in NATO was the US-led war against Iraq in 2003. From the onset, major European allies such as Germany and France opposed the war. However, the US went ahead and waged this controversial war. The political and military campaign against Saddam Hussein highlighted significant divisions between the US and some of her European allies. Cornish (2004) documents that those deep divisions almost led to the collapse of NATO. The Bush administration, which had called on the war against Saddam, was accused of using NATO as an instrument of US for eign policy. This is because the US expected uncritical political and military support for the invasion of Iraq from its allies. The alliance also suffers from a lack of commitment by all the members to consign troops to dangerous missions. This is evident from the war in Afghanistan where the US maintains the largest contingent. Most NATO countries have been unable to achieve the political support needed to send their troops to fight the Taliban. Goldgeier (2009) states that this reality has led to a â€Å"two-tiered alliance† comprising of those who are willing to fight, and those who are not. The recent years have seen an increase in divergence of interests within the organization. This has led some commentators to predict that the alliance is on the path to disintegration and, ultimately, its failure (Noetzel Schreer, 2009). This bleak reality is not the only possible future of NATO and provided the key challenges that the alliance faces are addressed, the future of the alliance is guaranteed. Discussion and Conclusion NATO remains to be a unique and invaluable alliance that continues to function as a reliable tool for multilateral military cooperation. The alliance is today engaged on several continents, under different capacities. This underscores the transformation that NATO has undergone since its formation in 1948. While some commentators argued that NATO had outlived its usefulness following the disappearance of the Soviet threat to Western Europe, the alliance has flourished and played a useful role in the past 2 decades. Most notably, it has countered ethnic abuses in the former Yugoslavia and is involved in efforts to counter Islamic terrorists in Afghanistan. This paper is set out to discuss NATO’s progress from its formation to today. It began by providing the historical context that made NATO necessary. It then articulated the three distinctive phases in NATO’s history, which are the Cold War era, the Post Cold War, and th e Post 9/11. The paper has revealed how the changes in the security environment have obliged NATO to transform itself and engage actively well beyond the territories of its members. NATO has evolved from the defensive entity, it was and it finds itself increasingly acting as a proactive risk manager. This alliance of transatlantic countries originally built to counter Soviet attack still presents the best instrument for combating the threats of the 21st century. References Cornish, P. (2004). NATO: the practice and politics of transformation. International Affairs, 80(1), 63-74. Goldgeier, J. (2009). NATO’s future: facing old divisions and new threats. Harvard International Review, 23(2), 48-51. Labarre, F. (2001). NATO-Russia relations and NATO enlargement in the Baltic Sea Region. Baltic Defense Review, 6(1), 46-69. Minuto-Rizzo, A. (2007). NATO’s Transformation and New Partnerships: The Mediterranean. Mediterranean Quarterly, 18(3), 1-13. NATO (2012). NATO enlargeme nt. Retrieved from https://www.nato.int/cps/en/natolive/topics_49212.htm. Noetzel, T., Schreer, B. (2009). Does a multi-tier NATO matter? The Atlantic alliance and the process of strategic change. International Affairs, 85(2), 211–226. Seroka, J. (2007). Security considerations in the Western Balkans: NATO’s evolution and expansion. East European Quarterly, 41(1), 25-38. Trachtenberg, M. (1999). A Constructed Peace: The Making of the European Settlement 1945-1963. Princeton University Press, 1999. Wolff, A. T. (2009). The structural and political crisis of NATO transformation. Journal of Transatlantic Studies, 7(4), 476492. This essay on NATO: From Creation to Current Status was written and submitted by user Jenny C. to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.